Navigation On Topic Complete Directory About Us Add-site Link to Us MerchantStore Shopping	Advertisement 143 Health - Double Helix - DNA - Genes - Genetics - Genome Resources A challenge to improve Nuclear Magnetic Resonance for structural biology In structural biology, the only technique available to predict the three dimensional structure of large complex molecules in solution, such as proteins and DNA, is NMR spectroscopy. To catalyze improvements in the techniques behind these predictions, the “eNMR” project has launched a new initiative. View Source November 30, 2009 Provides Information A common thread links multiple human cognitive disorders A new study reveals that a common underlying mechanism is shared by a group of previously unrelated disorders which all cause complex defects in brain development and function. Rett syndrome (RTT), Cornelia de Lange syndrome (CdLS) and Alpha-Thalassemia mental Retardation, X-linked syndrome (ATR-X) have each been linked with distinct abnormalities in chromatin, the spools of proteins and DNA that make up chromosomes and control how genetic information is read in a cell. View Source February 15, 2010 Provides Information A fingerprint for genes Cells may not have a mouth, but they still need to ingest substances from the external environment. If this process - known as endocytosis - is affected, it can lead to infectious diseases or cardio-vascular diseases, cancer, Huntington’s and diabetes. In cooperation with the Center for Information Services and High Performance Computing (ZIH) at the Dresden University of Technology, scientists from the Max Planck Institute of Molecular Cell Biology and Genetics therefore applied a new strategy to identify and characterize genes involved in endocytosis. View Source March 5, 2010 Provides Information A nanoscopic ruler made of DNA The improvement of optical microscopy towards ever higher resolution has been subject to extensive research over the past years. The diffraction limit of light prohibits resolving details smaller than half its wavelength, resulting in a fundamental resolution limit of 250-300 nm. It is the goal, however, to reach a resolution that enables imaging of much smaller, closely packed structures by optical microscopy. View Source February 16, 2010 Provides Information A population genetics approach identifies susceptibility variants for viral infections Viruses have played a role in shaping human genetic variability, according to a study published February 19 in the open-access journal PLoS Genetics. The researchers, from the Don C. Gnocchi and Eugenio Medea Scientific Institutes, the University of Milan and the Politecnico di Milano, Italy, used population genetics approaches to identify gene variants that augment susceptibility to viral infections or protect from such infections. View Source February 19, 2010 Provides Information Africa's Rarest Monkey Had An Intriguing Sexual Past, DNA Study Confirms The most extensive DNA study to-date of Africa's rarest monkey reveals that the species had an intriguing sexual past. Of the last two remaining populations of the recently discovered kipunji, one population shows evidence of past mating with baboons while the other does not, says a new study in Biology Letters. The results may help to set conservation priorities for this critically endangered species, researchers say. View Source November 11, 2009 Provides Information An Electronic Clue In The Mystery of DNA Repair DNA repair machines may home in on the electrical signals created by mutations View Source November 18, 2009 Provides Information Annelie Wendeberg presents protocol for identification of environmental microbes Metagenomics, the study of DNA isolated from samples of naturally occurring microbial populations, is rapidly growing. Improvements to cloning and sequencing techniques are allowing researchers to study microorganisms in environmental samples, and new knowledge of species interactions and community dynamics is emerging. View Source January 5, 2010 Provides Information Applied DNA Markets Programs to Forensically Pinpoint Gray-Market Diversion Applied DNA Sciences, Inc., a provider of DNA-based security solutions, announced that its anti-counterfeit technologies can be deployed in covert programs that seek to identify "leaks" in supply chains. Leakage out of the legitimate supply chain, called "Diversion" creates the "Gray-Market" that devalues any product caught in its grip. View Source September 22, 2009 Provides Information Applied DNA Sciences Introduces Botanical SigNature DNA Markers Applied DNA Sciences, Inc., a provider of DNA-based security solutions, today announced that it can create botanical SigNature® DNA markers that can individually mark valuables, and rare, limited edition collectibles that require a forensic level of security and authentication. View Source September 23, 2009 Provides Information ASU Professor Designs DNA Activity for High Schoolers The structure of DNA - the huge, twisting molecule that contains all the genetic coding used to control functions, development and behavior of all living organisms - isn't necessarily an easy concept for students in biology classes to grasp. View Source February 4, 2010 Provides Information Australian researchers first in the world to solve the genetic code of canola Until recently, the genetic code of canola was a mystery. Australian researcher Dr David Edwards, in collaboration with Bayer CropScience and Keygene N.V., is the first in the world to have solved the code, discovering the sequence of the canola genome. View Source November 6, 2009 Provides Information B Berkeley Lab's Advanced Light Source uncovers how key molecule mends DNA breaks Scientists from the U.S. Department of Energy’s Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory and the Scripps Research Institute have uncovered the role played by the least-understood part of a first-responder molecule that rushes in to bind and repair breaks in DNA strands, a process that helps people avoid cancer. View Source October 1, 2009 Provides Information BIOFAB Aims to Bring Modular DNA Components to Synthetic Biology Labs The maturing field of synthetic biology is just about due for a more modular, standardized system of cataloging genetic information. Currently, each research team around the world has to work from scratch to identify and implement relevant components of the genetic assembly process, leading to long development times and escalated costs spent on projects. But things are about to change. Now with funding from the National Science Foundation, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, and the BioBricks Foundation, researchers from Stanford and Berkeley are setting up an "open-source" lab to develop a large set of interchangeable DNA parts. View Source January 25, 2010 Provides Information Biologists discover bacterial defense mechanism against aggressive oxygen Bacteria possess an ingenious mechanism for preventing oxygen from harming the building blocks of the cell. This is the new finding of a team of biologists that includes Joris Messens of VIB, a life sciences research institute in Flanders, Belgium, connected to the Vrije Universiteit Brussel. The scientists made this discovery by modifying the DNA of the intestinal bacterium Escherichia coli. View Source November 20, 2009 Provides Information Biologists Wake Dormant Viruses and Uncover Mechanism for Survival It is known that viral "squatters" comprise nearly half of our genetic code. These genomic invaders inserted their DNA into our own millions of years ago when they infected our ancestors. But just how we keep them quiet and prevent them from attack was more of a mystery until EPFL researchers revived them. View Source January 14, 2010 Provides Information Build Virtual Nanostructures with Molecular Origami Molecular Origami is a process that allows researchers to build nano-sized structures out of DNA (or RNA). To help illustrate the basics of DNA origami, Harvard's Wyss Institute has created a Flash-based interactive feature that allows users to build virtual nanostructures by sequencing a simple, abstract representation of a DNA molecule and then allowing it to self assemble. View Source January 28, 2010 Provides Information BYU undergrad publishes better DNA sequencing method in medical journal Nathan Clement is still a few courses away from earning a bachelor's degree, but he's already credited with a significant advance in the field of DNA sequencing. View Source March 3, 2010 Provides Information C Carbon nanotubes show promise for high-speed genetic sequencing Faster sequencing of DNA holds enormous potential for biology and medicine, particularly for personalized diagnosis and customized treatment based on each individual's genomic makeup. At present however, sequencing technology remains cumbersome and cost prohibitive for most clinical applications, though this may be changing, thanks to a range of innovative new techniques. View Source December 31, 2009 Provides Information Cell Growth Regulates Genetic Circuits Genetic circuits control the activity of genes and thereby the function of cells and organisms. Scientists from the Max Planck Institute of Colloids and Interfaces in Potsdam and the University of California at San Diego have shown how various genetic circuits in bacterial cells are influenced by growth conditions. According to their findings, even genes that are not regulated can display different activities -- depending on whether they are translated into proteins in slow- or fast-growing cells. View Source February 3, 2010 Provides Information Cell surface engineering with DNA nanotechnology Bionanotechnology researchers are experimenting with techniques for attaching DNA nanoarrays to cell surfaces for various reasons: to label cell surfaces with functionalized micrometer-sized patches; to deliver materials such as nanoparticles or carbon nanotubes to cell surfaces; to deliver nucleic acids into the cell for gene silencing; or to engineer microtissues of cell/cell networks by using self-hybridizing properties of single stranded DNA molecules. View Source September 22, 2009 Provides Information Cells Defend Themselves from Viruses, Bacteria With Armor of Protein Errors When cells are confronted with an invading virus or bacteria or exposed to an irritating chemical, they protect themselves by going off their DNA recipe and inserting the wrong amino acid into new proteins to defend them against damage, scientists have discovered. View Source November 25, 2009 Provides Information Changing the Language of DNA: Altered Cells Taught To Read 4-Base-Pair Codons Much like your four-year-old nephew, RNA can only read three-letter combinations. Called codons, these three DNA-base-pair groups form the phrases that RNA translates into the 21 amino acids that underlie all life. But now, University of Cambridge researcher Jason Chin has engineered more literate RNA, capable of reading codons composed of four base pairs. This expands the possible number of codons from 64 to 320, and opens the door for a whole new line of artificial amino acids. View Source February 16, 2010 Provides Information Chemical competition: Research identifies new mechanism regulating embryonic development A Princeton University-led research team has discovered that protein competition over an important enzyme provides a mechanism to integrate different signals that direct early embryonic development. The work suggests that these signals are combined long before they interact with the organism's DNA, as was previously believed, and also may inform new therapeutic strategies to fight cancer. View Source March 9, 2010 Provides Information Chemists Discover How Cells Create Stability During Critical DNA-to-RNA Information Transfers A pair of University of Massachusetts Amherst chemists believe they have for the first time explained how the main players in transcription -- RNA polymerase, RNA (red in illustration) and the DNA template (blue) -- come together and link tightly enough to create a stable complex while DNA unwinds to pass crucial genetic information to RNA, but not so tightly that they can't come apart easily once transcription is complete. This transcription process takes place in all cells and is essential for making the proteins that carry out almost every process important to life. View Source December 29, 2009 Provides Information Chromosomes dance and pair up on the nuclear membrane (w/ Video) Meiosis - the pairing and recombination of chromosomes, followed by segregation of half to each egg or sperm cell - is a major crossroads in all organisms reproducing sexually. Yet, how the cell precisely choreographs these chromosomal interactions is a long-standing question. View Source November 13, 2009 Provides Information Critical protein helps mend damaged DNA In order to preserve our DNA, cells have developed an intricate system for monitoring and repairing DNA damage. Yet precisely how the initial damage signal is converted into a repair response remains unclear. View Source December 24, 2009 Provides Information D Devoid of DNA, Infectious Prions Evolve Anyhow It has long been thought that prions can't evolve. Turns out they can View Source January 4, 2010 Provides Information Discovery of Additional Class of Novel Lipid Nanoparticles with Markedly Improved In Vivo Potency for RNAi Therapeutics Alnylam Pharmaceuticals, Inc., a leading RNAi therapeutics company, today announced the publication of new data in the journal Nature Biotechnology by Alnylam scientists and collaborators from Tekmira Pharmaceuticals Corporation, AlCana Technologies, Inc., and The University of British Columbia (UBC). The new study employed a rational design approach for the discovery of novel lipids that can be incorporated into lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) for systemic delivery of RNAi therapeutics. View Source January 19, 2010 Provides Information DNA database reports shows costs up, 'detections' down Researchers looking to assess the effectiveness of DNA profiling in solving crime are unlikely to take much comfort in the recently released Annual Report of the National Policing Improvements Agency (NPIA). View Source October 23, 2009 Provides Information DNA evidence tells 'global story' of human history In recent years, DNA evidence has added important new tools for scientists studying the human past. Now, a collection of reviews published by Cell Press in a special issue of Current Biology published online on February 22nd offers a timely update on how new genetic evidence, together with archaeological and linguistic evidence, has enriched our understanding of human history on earth. View Source February 22, 2010 Provides Information DNA interval in unexplored region of human genome increases risk for coronary artery disease Scientists from the U.S. Department of Energy's Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory have learned how an interval of DNA in an unexplored region of the human genome increases the risk for coronary artery disease, the leading cause of death worldwide. View Source February 23, 2010 Provides Information DNA nanomachines that can be turned on and off with a flip of a switch Nanotechnology researchers already are constructing nanoscale machines and devices that can perform more and more complicated tasks. Interesting applications are being developed in a wide variety sciences ranging from basic research to pharmacology and medical treatment. View Source December 23, 2009 Provides Information DNA needs a good editor: Researchers unravel the mysteries of DNA packaging Imagine a huge spool of film containing thousands of sequences of random scenes. Without a talented editor, a screening would have no meaning. View Source December 14, 2009 Provides Information DNA Origami Nanoscale Breadboards Developed For Carbon Nanotube Circuits In work that someday may lead to the development of novel types of nanoscale electronic devices, an interdisciplinary team of researchers at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech) has combined DNA's talent for self-assembly with the remarkable electronic properties of carbon nanotubes, thereby suggesting a solution to the long-standing problem of organizing carbon nanotubes into nanoscale electronic circuits. View Source November 10, 2009 Provides Information DNA pioneer appeals for cuts to criminal database Like so many great discoveries, it was an accident. British scientist Alec Jeffreys realized 25 years ago Thursday that individuals have "DNA fingerprints," unique patterns of genetic material that can be used to identify them. The discovery has solved thousands of crimes, put murderers behind bars, split and reunited families - and launched a fierce debate about privacy and human rights. View Source September 10, 2009 Provides Information DNA pioneer lambasts government database policy The developer of DNA fingerprinting and profiling has said the government is wrong in retaining profiles of innocent people. View Source February 4, 2010 Provides Information DNA: Proteins Grooving Down the Helix to Find Their Target A team of scientists from the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Brookhaven National Laboratory, Harvard University, and the Indian Institute of Science has made a major step in understanding how molecules locate the genetic information in DNA that is necessary to carry out important biological processes. View Source December 3, 2009 Provides Information Drug Development Based on RNA Interference Putting the next generation of medicines on pharmacy shelves hinges on an intensive search for ways of safely and effectively delivering a silencing message to genes that are at the basis of innumerable diseases. View Source September 9, 2009 Provides Information E Epigenetic signals differ across alleles Researchers from the Institute of Psychiatry (IoP), King's College London, have identified numerous novel regions of the genome where the chemical modifications involved in controlling gene expression are influenced by either genetic variation or the parental origin of that particular stretch of DNA. This contradicts previous assumptions that epigenetic signals are generally equal across both copies of a given region of the genome, except at a small number of known imprinted genes. View Source February 12, 2010 Provides Information Evolutionary Surprise: Eight Percent Of Human Genetic Material Comes From A Virus About eight percent of human genetic material comes from a virus and not from our ancestors, according to researchers in Japan and the U.S. View Source January 7, 2010 Provides Information Excess DNA damage found in cells of patients with Friedreich's ataxia Elevated levels of DNA damage have for the first time been found in the cellular mitochondria and nuclei of patients with the inherited, progressive nervous system disease called Friedreich's ataxia (FRDA), says a multicenter research team led by an expert from the University of Pittsburgh Cancer Institute (UPCI). The findings, described today in PLoS Genetics, shed light on the molecular abnormalities that lead to the disease, as well as point the way to new therapeutic approaches and the development of biomarker blood tests to track its progression. View Source January 15, 2010 Provides Information F Faster, Cheaper DNA Sequencing Technology Now Available Life Technologies of Carlsbad, California has released its latest genome sequencing device, the SOLID 4 System. The company promises sequencing of 100 gigabases at a cost of $6,000 and an optional upgrade later this year that will drop it down to $3,000. The system is already selling like hot cakes with an order for 100 units coming in from Ignite Institute, a new non-profit that is building North America's largest sequencing facility. View Source January 29, 2010 Provides Information First universal DNA reader to advance faster, cheaper sequencing efforts Arizona State University scientists have come up with a new twist in their efforts to develop a faster and cheaper way to read the DNA genetic code. They have developed the first, versatile DNA reader that can discriminate between DNA's four core chemical components - the key to unlocking the vital code behind human heredity and health. View Source February 11, 2010 Provides Information Five Reasons Henrietta Lacks is the Most Important Woman in Medical History In 1951, Henrietta Lacks, a poor woman with a middle-school education, made one of the greatest medical contributions ever. Her cells, taken from a cervical-cancer biopsy, became the first immortal human cell line—the cells reproduce infinitely in a lab. Although other immortal lines have since been established, Lacks’s “HeLa” cells are the standard in labs around the world. View Source February 5, 2010 Provides Information Fluidigm Releases 5kb and 10kb Long-Range PCR Protocol for Access Array Systems Fluidigm Corporation today announced the release of 5kb and 10kb long-range PCR protocols for its Access Array™ System. Researchers interested in targeted re-sequencing projects for large cohort studies can use these new protocols and the Fluidigm Access Array System to amplify up to 48 samples per array. Long-range PCR enables new applications on the Access Array System by allowing researchers to enrich significantly more sequence per sample. View Source March 8, 2010 Provides Information Fluidigm Releases Access Array System Amplicon Tagging Protocol for Illumina GA II Users Fluidigm Corporation today announced the release of its amplicon tagging protocol for the Illumina GA II next-generation sequencer. The 48.48 Access Array integrated fluidic circuit (IFC) allows Illumina GA II users to automatically prepare sequencing-ready libraries from 48 individual samples at a time, for as little as $7 (U.S.) per sample. View Source February 11, 2010 Provides Information From uncharted region of human genome, clues emerge about origins of coronary artery disease Scientists have learned how an interval of DNA in an unexplored region of the human genome increases the risk for coronary artery disease, the leading cause of death worldwide. Their research paints a fuller picture of a genetic risk for the disease that was discovered only three years ago and which lurks in one out of two people. View Source February 22, 2010 Provides Information G GEN Reports on Enhancing the Applications of qPCR Quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technology is experiencing a surge of interest and rapid expansion as a result of advances such as instrumentation that pushes capacity to 1,536 wells and optimization-free multiplexing, reports Genetic Engineering & Biotechnology News (GEN). View Source November 18, 2009 Provides Information Gene Family Found to Play Key Role in Early Stages of Development Scientists have identified a gene family that plays a key role in one of the earliest stages of development in which an embryo distinguishes its left side from the right and determines how organs should be positioned within the body. The finding in mice likely will lead to a better understanding of how certain birth defects occur in humans. View Source February 1, 2010 Provides Information Genes influence aerobic training success An international team of researchers has found an explanation for why some people seem to be more responsive than others to regular endurance exercise - which, in turn, might increase their chances of having a long and healthy life. The cause lies in their DNA, where the scientists have been able to identify 11 gene variants that are particularly important in the maximisation of the body's aerobic capacity. View Source February 5, 2010 Provides Information Genetically Engineered Pig Lung Successfully Oxygenates Human Blood, Paving the Way For Transplants With the world facing an organ shortage so serious that the majority of potential transplant recipients die while on waiting lists, doctors have looked to similarly sized animal organs as a potential alternative to human donations. Unfortunately, the human body swiftly rejects animal organs. Animal lungs have proven especially problematic, as they stop functioning as soon as they com in contact with human blood. View Source February 11, 2010 Provides Information GENEWIZ Adds Gene Synthesis Service to Molecular Biology Service Portfolio GENEWIZ, Inc., a leading provider of DNA services, announced the expansion of its molecular biology portfolio with the addition of Gene Synthesis services. Gene synthesis provides researchers with a time- and cost-saving alternative to molecular cloning, DNA engineering, protein engineering and directed evolution for custom construct production. View Source March 8, 2010 Provides Information German Researchers Discover Novel Mechanism for Gene Regulation RNA molecules are the mobile messengers of genes. They carry information on the production of proteins from the DNA to the ribosomes. In addition to these messenger RNAs all living beings have micro RNAs that can hinder the messenger RNAs and thus the production of proteins. View Source January 8, 2010 Provides Information German Researchers Furnish DNA with Nano "Wire" The DNA biomolecule, responsible in nature for storing hereditary information, is being used increasingly as a component in nanotechnology. One successful approach for producing functional nanostructures from DNA is to insert metal ions into an artificial DNA double helix, which serves as a framework. View Source January 19, 2010 Provides Information H How ATP, Molecule Bearing 'the Fuel of Life,' Is Broken Down in Cells Researchers at the Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center have figured out how ATP is broken down in cells, providing for the first time a clear picture of the key reaction that allows cells in all living things to function and flourish. View Source March 1, 2010 Provides Information How cells tolerate DNA damage -- start signal for cell survival program identified Cancer researchers of the Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) Berlin-Buch, Germany, have gained new insights into how cells react to DNA damage. Dr. Michael Stilmann, Dr. Michael Hinz and Professor Claus Scheidereit have shown that the protein PARP-1, which detects DNA damage within seconds, activates the transcription factor NF-kappaB, a well-known regulator of gene expression. View Source November 16, 2009 Provides Information How Your Body Packs Two Meters of DNA Into a Six-Micron Cell Nucleus I can't seem to manage to keep my iPod in my bag for a day without creating an awful tangle of headphones, but my body's cells can work with two meters of stringy DNA into a tiny nucleus without making a knot. The secret is a structure called a fractal globule, according to a research paper to be published tomorrow in the journal Science. View Source October 8, 2009 Provides Information Human Genome Project is 10: Where are we now? "It's hard to think back and remember how we worked then. We were scrabbling around in the dark," says Professor Mark McCarthy of the Oxford Centre for Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism [OCDEM], recalling how research on the genetic causes of disease had to be carried out before the human genome was sequenced. View Source March 2, 2010 Provides Information I Illumina's Cheap New Gene Machine A new DNA reader could turbocharge research into cancer and autism. View Source January 12, 2010 Provides Information Important forensic DNA advance published in the journal Law, Probability and Risk Cybergenetics is pleased to announce the publication of an important forensic DNA advance in the journal Law, Probability and Risk. The paper "Match likelihood ratio for uncertain genotypes" enables scientists to extract far more identification information from the same DNA evidence. The prominent forensic statistician Dr. John Buckleton, Principal Scientist at ESR in New Zealand, considers this paper to be "a particularly elegant piece of work." View Source December 10, 2009 Provides Information Inovio Biomedical introduces new CELLECTRA-SP series of hand-held, cordless electroporation devices Inovio Biomedical Corporation, a leader in DNA vaccine design, development and delivery, has unveiled its new CELLECTRA®-SP series of hand-held, cordless electroporation devices at the DNA Vaccines 2010 conference being held in New Orleans, LA. View Source March 3, 2010 Provides Information J Just like old times: Generating RNA molecules in water A key question in the origin of biological molecules like RNA and DNA is how they first came together billions of years ago from simple precursors. Now, in a study appearing in this week's Journal of Biological Chemistry, researchers in Italy have reconstructed one of the earliest evolutionary steps yet: generating long chains of RNA from individual subunits using nothing but warm water. View Source November 20, 2009 Provides Information L Lab-on-a-Chip Test Could Lead to Wider and More Convenient Use of DNA Testing Researchers in Singapore are reporting development of a new electronic sensor that shows promise as a faster, less expensive, and more practical alternative than tests now used to detect DNA. View Source August 26, 2009 Provides Information Lawsuit Banning Human Gene Patents Continues, Court Rules Companies can patent gene sequences for diseases such as breast cancer in order to sell diagnostic tests for the genes. The ACLU charges that this has created a monopoly and hopes to set a legal precedent for overturning other gene patents. Courtesy ACLU View Source November 3, 2009 Provides Information Life Technologies Unveils Single Molecule Sequencing Technology Life Technologies Corporationhas announced early stage results from its single molecule sequencing (SMS) technology. The technology promises to combine virtually unlimited continuous long read lengths with unmatched accuracy to deliver targeted genomic sequence data in a matter of hours, paving the way for sequencing to become a commonplace tool in research laboratories and clinical settings worldwide. View Source March 2, 2010 Provides Information Loosely coiled DNA helps trypanosomes make their escape To escape the grip of the human immune system, Trypanosoma brucei, which causes African sleeping sickness, performs its acclaimed disappearing act. Every time the host’s immune cells get close to eliminating the infection, a small number of trypanosomes avoid detection by changing their surface ‘coat.’ Now, after 30 years of contradictory and inconclusive findings, Rockefeller University researchers reveal that trypanosomes’ ability to strategically coil their DNA is part of the mechanism by which they make their stealthy escape. View Source January 11, 2010 Provides Information Low-cost DNA test to pinpoint risk of inherited diseases An inexpensive, fast, accurate DNA test that reveals a person's risk of developing certain diseases is expected to become a reality, thanks to technology developed at the University of Edinburgh. View Source February 22, 2010 Provides Information M Making RNA Crystallize in Weightlessness The biochemist, Professor Volker A. Erdmann, of Freie Universität Berlin has sent samples containing 50 different ribonucleic acid (RNA) molecules into space aboard the Russian Soyuz rocket TMA-16. The samples were due to return to Earth on October 10. The aim of the space mission was to make the ribonucleic acids crystallize in weightlessness. View Source October 12, 2009 Provides Information Mammoth Achievement: Researchers at the forefront of molecular biology Forget Jurassic Park. By successfully sequencing the DNA of a long-extinct species, Stephan Schuster and Webb Miller have helped push back the boundaries of molecular biology. View Source January 26, 2010 Provides Information Mechanical forces could affect gene expression University of Michigan researchers have shown that tension on DNA molecules can affect gene expression---the process at the heart of biological function that tells a cell what to do. View Source February 2, 2010 Provides Information Medically used nanoparticles can damage DNA across a cellular barrier Medically used nanoparticles can damage the DNA of cells without crossing cellular barriers in the body. Published online this week in Nature Nanotechnology, the study, conducted on cells grown in culture, suggests that the indirect effects of nanoparticles on cells should be considered when evaluating their safety. View Source November 5, 2009 Provides Information Metal Nanoparticles Damage DNA in Cells on the Other Side of Cellular Barrier Scientists have shown in the laboratory that metal nanoparticles damaged the DNA in cells on the other side of a cellular barrier. The research, by the University of Bristol, is published online this week in Nature Nanotechnology. View Source November 5, 2009 Provides Information Mexican labs target adulterers with DNA testing Suspect your significant other might be cheating on you? In Mexico, numerous laboratories are now offering a way to find out for sure -- DNA tests. View Source November 20, 2009 Provides Information MicroRNA: A Glimpse into the Past The last ancestor we shared with worms, which roamed the seas around 600 million years ago, may already have had a sophisticated brain that released hormones into the blood and was connected to various sensory organs. View Source February 1, 2010 Provides Information MicroRNA Drives Cells' Adaptation To Low-oxygen Living Researchers have fresh insight into an evolutionarily ancient way that cells cope when oxygen levels decline, according to a new study in the October 7th issue of Cell Metabolism, a Cell Press publication. In studies of cells taken from the lining of human pulmonary arteries, they show that a microRNA – a tiny bit of RNA that regulates the activity of particular genes and thus the availability of certain proteins – allows cells to shift their metabolic gears, in a process known as the Pasteur effect. View Source October 8, 2009 Provides Information MicroRNA: Keeping death in check The protein p53 is a key player in tumorigenesis, controlling diverse genes that regulate cellular growth and DNA repair, and acting as an ‘early responder’ to cellular stress by killing off cells at risk of serious damage from toxic chemicals or ionizing radiation. As such, understanding the various modes of p53 regulation represents a full-time effort for many scientists. View Source January 20, 2010 Provides Information Micro RNAs make genes shut up RNA molecules are the mobile messengers of genes. They carry information on the production of proteins from the DNA to the ribosomes. In addition to these messenger RNAs all living beings have micro RNAs that can hinder the messenger RNAs and thus the production of proteins. View Source January 8, 2010 Provides Information MicroRNA Targets Identified in C. Elegans MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are non-coding RNAs that impact almost every aspect of biology. In recent years, they have been strongly implicated in stem cell biology, tissue and organism development, as well as human conditions ranging from mental disorders to cancer. For the most part, miRNAs control gene expression of messenger RNA (mRNA) targets. Unlike mRNAs, which are translated into proteins, miRNAs function as short, untranslated molecules that regulate specific mRNAs through base-pairing interactions. View Source January 10, 2010 Provides Information Mobilizing the Repair Squad: Critical Protein Helps Mend Damaged DNA In order to preserve our DNA, cells have developed an intricate system for monitoring and repairing DNA damage. Yet precisely how the initial damage signal is converted into a repair response remains unclear. Researchers at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies have now solved a crucial piece of the complex puzzle. View Source December 30, 2009 Provides Information Molecular anchor links the 2 inheritable diseases Fanconi anemia and Bloom's syndrome A new study establishes a molecular link that bridges two rare inherited disorders and explains why these diseases result in genetic instability. The research, published by Cell Press in the December 24th issue of the journal Molecular Cell, may lead to a better understanding of the complex mechanisms that enable cells to repair damaged DNA. View Source December 24, 2009 Provides Information Molecular DNA Reader Speeds Up Genome Sequencing A research team from Arizona State University headed by Stuart Lindsay, director of the Biodesign Institute Center for Single Molecule Biophysics, has developed a new approach to detecting DNA base pairs. The technology, which utilizes advanced microscopes to identify the effect that a given nucleoside makes on an electron-tunneling junction, may become a leading contender as a standard sequencing modality of the future. View Source February 17, 2010 Provides Information More than 5 million people now on DNA database Still growing despite court ruling View Source October 28, 2009 Provides Information N Nanoparticles go platinum: NCEM instruments provide key images At Berkeley Lab's National Center for Electron Microscopy it was revealed that single-stranded DNA can disperse bundles of single-walled carbon nanotubes into individual tubes and serve as guideposts for synthesizing platinum nanoparticles onto these tubes. View Source December 21, 2009 Provides Information Nanoscale X-ray imaging delivers sharper vision for new insights into biological questions, including DNA repair An ultra-high-resolution imaging technique using X-ray diffraction is a step closer to fulfilling its promise as a window on nanometer-scale structures in biological samples. In the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, researchers report progress in applying an approach to "lensless" X-ray microscopy that they introduced one year ago. View Source December 7, 2009 Provides Information New DNA Analysis Method Drastically Cuts Time and Cost of Genome Sequencing DNA genome sequencing has the potential to unlock a lot of secrets of our biology, but the process of DNA amplification -- making billions of molecular copies of a DNA strand in order to create a large enough sample to analyze -- takes a lot of time and money. So a Boston University team came up with a novel solution: avoid amplification altogether View Source December 22, 2009 Provides Information New Device Sequences Complete Human Genome Faster, Cheaper Than Ever New machine a significant step towards personalized genetic medicine View Source August 11, 2009 Provides Information New DNA rules may still breach human rights The government's plans to limit DNA retention from those arrested but not charged or convicted may not go far enough, according to the body that ensures human rights rulings are obeyed. View Source December 9, 2009 Provides Information New DNA Technique Leads to a Breakthrough in Child Cancer Research Researchers at the Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Sweden and Karolinska Institutet have used novel technology to reveal the different genetic patterns of neuroblastoma, an aggressive form of childhood cancer. This discovery may lead to significant advances in the treatment of this malignant disease, which mainly affects small children. View Source February 22, 2010 Provides Information New effort to produce standardized DNA parts for reducing development time of synthetic biology in labs With seed money from the National Science Foundation (NSF), bioengineers from the University of California, Berkeley, and Stanford University are ramping up efforts to characterize the thousands of control elements critical to the engineering of microbes so that eventually, researchers can mix and match these "DNA parts" in synthetic organisms to produce new drugs, fuels or chemicals. View Source January 21, 2010 Provides Information New Features in Geneious Pro 4.8 Sequencing Software Biomatters Ltd out of Auckland, New Zealand has released a new version of its Geneious software package for "manipulating, finding, sharing, and exploring biological data such as DNA sequences or proteins, phylogenies, 3D structure information, publications, etc." View Source January 4, 2010 Provides Information New Lawsuit Challenges the Right to Patent Human Genes for Profit Five breast cancer patients, with the help of the ACLU, are heading to court to dispute a company's right to monopolize parts of the human genome View Source August 12, 2009 Provides Information New Molecule Identified in DNA Damage Response In the harsh judgment of natural selection, the ultimate measure of success is reproduction. So it's no surprise that life spends lavish resources on this feat, whether in the courtship behavior of birds and bees or replicating the cells that keep them alive. Now research has identified a new piece in an elaborate system to help guarantee fidelity in the reproduction of cells, preventing potentially lethal mutations in the process. View Source January 1, 2010 Provides Information New RNA Interference Technique Can Silence Up to Five Genes Researchers at MIT and Alnylam Pharmaceuticals report this week that they have successfully used RNA interference to turn off multiple genes in the livers of mice, an advance that could lead to new treatments for diseases of the liver and other organs. View Source December 28, 2009 Provides Information New way to study how enzymes repair DNA damage Researchers have found a new way to study how enzymes move as they repair DNA sun damage -- and that discovery could one day lead to new therapies for healing sunburned skin. Ultraviolet (UV) light damages skin by causing chemical bonds to form in the wrong places along the DNA molecules in our cells. View Source January 28, 2010 Provides Information NIH grants $3 million for nanotechnology risk and DNA sequencing research Arizona State University has been awarded nearly $3 million in federal stimulus funds from the National Institutes of Health. ASU professors Stuart Lindsay and Paul Westerhoff will lead a pair of two-year, innovative projects designed to tackle challenges in the fields of rapid DNA sequencing and the potential health risks of nanotechnology. View Source November 16, 2009 Provides Information O Origin of Life: Generating RNA Molecules in Water A key question in the origin of biological molecules like RNA and DNA is how they first came together billions of years ago from simple precursors. Researchers in Italy have reconstructed one of the earliest evolutionary steps yet: generating long chains of RNA from individual subunits using nothing but warm water. View Source November 25, 2009 Provides Information P Petascale computing tools could provide deeper insight into genomic evolution Technological advances in high-throughput DNA sequencing have opened up the possibility of determining how living things are related by analyzing the ways in which their genes have been rearranged on chromosomes. View Source November 17, 2009 Provides Information Plant experts unveil DNA barcode Hundreds of experts from 50 nations are set to agree on a "DNA barcode" system that gives every plant on Earth a unique genetic fingerprint. View Source November 10, 2009 Provides Information Potential Genetic Links to Lung Disease Risk Uncovered A new study involving data from more than 20,000 individuals has uncovered several DNA sequences linked to impaired pulmonary function. The research, an analysis that combined the results of several smaller studies, provides insight into the mechanisms involved in reaching full lung capacity. The findings may ultimately lead to better understanding of lung function and diseases like asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), the fourth leading cause of death in the United States. View Source December 15, 2009 Provides Information Potential Mechanisms To Protect Against Genetic Alterations, Diseases Discovered Peering into the DNA of tiny yeast, researchers at the Moores Cancer Center at the University of California, San Diego and the San Diego Branch of the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research have pinpointed a large number of genes that can prevent a type of genetic rearrangement that may lead to cancer and other diseases. View Source August 10, 2009 Provides Information Protein Complex Possibly Crucial for Triggering Embryo Development Identified The DNA contained within each of our cells is exactly the same, yet different types of cells -- skin cells, heart cells, brain cells -- perform very different functions. The ultimate fate of these cells is encoded not just in the DNA, but in a specific pattern of chemical modifications that overlay the DNA structure. These modifications, or epigenetic markers as they are called, are stably carried in our genomes -- except for at times when the cells change their fate, such as what occurs when the sperm meets the egg. Then they are erased completely. View Source January 18, 2010 Provides Information Q Quick And Easy Diagnosis For Mitochondrial Disorders Soon you could be genetically screened for mitochondrial disorders quickly and comprehensively. Research published in BioMed Central's open access journal, Genome Medicine, outlines an innovative clinical diagnostic test for the early identification of a wide range of mitochondrial disorders. View Source October 23, 2009 Provides Information R RainDance and Applied Biosystems to Co-Market Sequence Enrichment Solution with DNA Analysis Platform RainDance Technologies, Inc., a leading provider of innovative microdroplet-based solutions for human health and disease research, and Applied Biosystems, part of Life Technologies Corporation, announced today they have entered into a strategic agreement to co-market the first solution that combines microdroplet PCR-based sequence enrichment with next-generation sequencing. View Source February 19, 2010 Provides Information Researchers create atlas of transcription factor combinations In a significant leap forward in the understanding of how specific types of tissue are determined to develop in mammals, an international team of scientists has succeeded in mapping the entire network of DNA-binding transcription factors and their interactions. View Source March 4, 2010 Provides Information Researchers Develop New Tool for Gene Delivery Researchers at Tufts University School of Medicine and the Sackler School of Graduate Biomedical Sciences at Tufts have developed a new tool for gene therapy that significantly increases gene delivery to cells in the retina compared to other carriers and DNA alone, according to a study published in the January issue of The Journal of Gene Medicine. View Source January 28, 2010 Provides Information Researchers Directly Measured Energy Associated with Expulsion of Viral DNA Within a virus's tiny exterior is a store of energy waiting to be unleashed. When the virus encounters a host cell, this pent-up energy is released, propelling the viral DNA into the cell and turning it into a virus factory. For the first time, Carnegie Mellon University physicist Alex Evilevitch has directly measured the energy associated with the expulsion of viral DNA, a pivotal discovery toward fully understanding the physical mechanisms that control viral infection and designing drugs to interfere with the process. View Source February 5, 2010 Provides Information Researchers Discovers Key To Vital DNA, Protein Interaction A researcher at Iowa State University has discovered how a group of proteins from plant pathogenic bacteria interact with DNA in the plant cell, opening up the possibility for what the scientist calls a "cascade of advances." View Source November 13, 2009 Provides Information Researchers find new method of fixing broken proteins to treat genetic diseases Researchers at Fox Chase Cancer Center have demonstrated how it could be possible to treat genetic diseases by enhancing the natural ability of cells to restore their own mutant proteins. In particular, they found that drugs called proteosome inhibitors could provide one way of manipulating cells into producing more of a so-called chaperone protein, named Hsp70, which helps amino acid chains fold into their proper protein form. View Source January 15, 2010 Provides Information Researchers Show How Proteins Slide Along DNA to Carry Out Vital Biological Processes A team of scientists from the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) Brookhaven National Laboratory, Harvard University, and the Indian Institute of Science has made a major step in understanding how molecules locate the genetic information in DNA that is necessary to carry out important biological processes. View Source December 3, 2009 Provides Information Researchers uncover potential mechanisms to protect against genetic alterations, diseases Peering into the DNA of tiny yeast, researchers at the Moores Cancer Center at the University of California, San Diego and the San Diego Branch of the Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research have pinpointed a large number of genes that can prevent a type of genetic rearrangement that may lead to cancer and other diseases. View Source August 6, 2009 Provides Information RNAs taking center stage RNAs, serving as a mere intermediary between DNA and proteins, were long regarded as a poor relation by researchers, attracting little interest. However, following the discovery of small RNAs known as microRNAs, they have increasingly been moving into the limelight. View Source September 10, 2009 Provides Information Roche Announces European and Asia Pacific Launch of NimbleGen CGX Arrays for Microarray-Based Cytogenetic Analysis Roche Applied Science will announce the European and Asia Pacific launch of the NimbleGen CGX arrays for microarray-based cytogenetic analysis at a workshop series in four European cities and seven cities in Asia Pacific. The CGX arrays are designed by Signature Genomic Laboratories (Signature Genomics) and provide high-resolution, genome-wide analysis of chromosomal abnormalities. View Source November 2, 2009 Provides Information S Scientists crash test DNA's replication machinery Important molecular machines routinely crash into one another while plying their trades on DNA. New research shows that the enzymes that copy DNA before cell division, called replisomes, are the kings of this road, kicking aside machines that are performing less critical tasks, such as transcribing instructions for proteins. View Source February 10, 2010 Provides Information Scientists create tiny RNA molecule with big implications for life's origins An extremely small RNA molecule created by a University of Colorado at Boulder team can catalyze a key reaction needed to synthesize proteins, the building blocks of life. The findings could be a substantial step toward understanding "the very origin of Earthly life," the lead researcher contends. The smallest RNA enzyme ever known to perform a cellular chemical reaction is described in a paper published this week in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. View Source February 22, 2010 Provides Information Scientists decode DNA of pig, a research favorite An international group of scientists has decoded the DNA of the domestic pig, research that may one day prove useful in finding new treatments for both pigs and people, and perhaps aid in efforts for a new swine flu vaccine for pigs. View Source November 2, 2009 Provides Information Scientists Identify DNA That Regulates Antibody Production Performance enhancers are the currency of a competitive society. But there's one that we have always had: For millions of years, segments of our DNA have improved the performance of our genome, revving up protein production at those times we need it most. New research from Rockefeller University and the University of Michigan Medical School now show that these genome enhancers regulate how our bodies make germ-fighting antibodies, molecules that keep savvy viruses and bacteria at bay. View Source January 3, 2010 Provides Information Scientists measure energy released from a virus during infection Within a virus's tiny exterior is a store of energy waiting to be unleashed. When the virus encounters a host cell, this pent-up energy is released, propelling the viral DNA into the cell and turning it into a virus factory. For the first time, Carnegie Mellon University physicist Alex Evilevitch has directly measured the energy associated with the expulsion of viral DNA, a pivotal discovery toward fully understanding the physical mechanisms that control viral infection and designing drugs to interfere with the process. View Source February 5, 2010 Provides Information Scientists uncover role of protein critical for activating DNA replication Scientists at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (CSHL) have discovered how a protein long known to be an essential activator of DNA replication actually triggers this process in cells. View Source January 7, 2010 Provides Information Scientists Unlock Key Enzyme Using Newly Created 'Cool' Method A team of Michigan State University scientists -- using a new cooling method they created -- has uncovered the inner workings of a key iron-containing enzyme, a discovery that could help researchers develop new medicines or understand how enzymes repair DNA. View Source February 26, 2010 Provides Information Second Protective Role for Tumor-Suppressor: DNA Damage Sensor Also Responds to Oxidative Harm Outside Nucleus ATM, a protein that reacts to DNA damage by ordering repairs or the suicide of the defective cell, plays a similar, previously unknown role in response to oxidative damage outside of the nucleus, researchers report in the online version of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. View Source March 2, 2010 Provides Information Single molecule spectroscopy unwraps genetic material The genetic material found in cells is not in its free state, but bound to large protein complexes and tightly wrapped. To activate genes which might also play a role in carcinogenesis, the genetic material first needs to be unwrapped and made accessible for other cell components. View Source November 9, 2009 Provides Information Single-stranded DNA-binding protein is dynamic, critical to DNA repair Researchers report that a single-stranded DNA-binding protein (SSB), once thought to be a static player among the many molecules that interact with DNA, actually moves back and forth along single-stranded DNA, gradually allowing other proteins to repair, recombine or replicate the strands. View Source October 21, 2009 Provides Information Six-year limit on DNA of innocent The DNA of most innocent people arrested in England, Wales and Northern Ireland will not be kept for more than six years, the Home Office has said. View Source November 11, 2009 Provides Information Some morbidly obese people are missing genes A small but significant proportion of morbidly obese people are missing a section of their DNA, according to research published today in Nature. The authors of the study, from Imperial College London and ten other European Centres, say that missing DNA such as that identified in this research may be having a dramatic effect on some people's weight. View Source February 3, 2010 Provides Information Stickleback Genomes Shining Bright Light on Evolution Twenty billion pieces of DNA in 100 small fish have opened the eyes of biologists studying evolution. After combining new technologies, researchers now know many of the genomic regions that allowed an ocean-dwelling fish to adapt to fresh water in several independently evolved populations. View Source March 8, 2010 Provides Information Study identifies a protein complex possibly crucial for triggering embryo development The DNA contained within each of our cells is exactly the same, yet different types of cells - skin cells, heart cells, brain cells - perform very different functions. The ultimate fate of these cells is encoded not just in the DNA, but in a specific pattern of chemical modifications that overlay the DNA structure. View Source January 6, 2010 Provides Information Study Looks Into Potential Side Effects of Terahertz Full Body Scanner Technology As new government directives are now mandating full body (terahertz) scanning (or pat down searches) of our private parts on all US inbound flights, a recent research article in arXiv points to potential negative health effects from the new technology. View Source January 4, 2010 Provides Information Study validates Chronix Biomedical’s serum DNA blood tests for early, accurate detection of breast cancer Chronix Biomedical today announced publication of a study that supports the utility of its serum DNA blood tests for the early and accurate detection of breast cancer. The Chronix tests detect the circulating DNA that is released into the blood stream by damaged and dying cells. View Source March 9, 2010 Provides Information Synthetic Skin Delivers Gene Therapies Straight to Body, No Needles Necessary The problem with needles is that nobody likes them. Aside from that, injection sites can become inflamed, and repeated injections into the same area can damage vascular tissue. With that in mind, researchers at the National Institutes of Health have successfully created synthetic skin patches that can deliver gene therapies without the need for injections. View Source January 12, 2010 Provides Information T Thanks to nanoparticles, DNA detection by the naked eye is now possible A sensitive yet uncomplicated method to detect differences in DNA strands using metal nanoparticle solutions has been developed by Roejarek Kanjanawarut and Xiaodi Su at the Institute of Materials Research and Engineering at A*STAR, Singapore ("Colorimetric Detection of DNA Using Unmodified Metallic Nanoparticles and Peptide Nucleic Acid Probes"). View Source December 23, 2009 Provides Information Towards electronic-based single-molecule DNA sequencing It its more than 25 years of existence, Scanning Tunneling Microscopy has predominantly brought us extremely detailed images of matter at the molecular and atomic level. View Source August 12, 2009 Provides Information Two proteins act as molecular tailors in DNA repair On average, our cells encounter a very lethal form of DNA damage 10 times a day. Lucky for us, we have the capacity to repair each and every one of them. New research now reveals exactly how two well-known proteins are involved in the process, a finding that not only helps shed light on cancer but also on how our cells maintain the integrity of our genome. View Source November 13, 2009 Provides Information U UK.gov urged to slash DNA retention plan Government plans designed to bring the National DNA Database in line with human rights legislation have been criticised today by an influential group of MPs as not going far enough. View Source March 8, 2010 Provides Information Unique nanomechanical response of DNA allows high-speed direct digital detection Much of today's genetic research and diagnostics uses tools and technologies enabled by DNA's ability to bind to its complementary strand in a sequence specific manner. By placing short stands of DNA with known sequences on a surface and watching if molecules from a biological sample (tissue, blood, etc) bind to these immobilized DNAs allows researchers to determine genetic composition of the sample. View Source December 21, 2009 Provides Information Unwanted guests: How herpes simplex virus gets rid of the cell's security guards A viral infection is like an uninvited, tenacious houseguest in the cell, using a range of tricks to prevent its eviction. Researchers at the Salk Institute for Biological Studies have identified one of the key proteins allowing herpes simplex virus (HSV) DNA to fly under the radar of their hosts' involuntary hospitality. View Source January 21, 2010 Provides Information V Visualizing the DNA helix with cryoEM Recent advances have made cryo-electron microscopy (cryoEM) an important imaging tool for major applications in both medicine and nanobiological research. View Source August 25, 2009 Provides Information W WaferGen Biosystems Announces New Service Using SmartChip Real-Time PCR System WaferGen Biosystems, Inc., a leading developer of state-of-the-art genetic analysis systems, today announced a new, innovative service for gene-expression profiling of thousands of genes using the SmartChip(TM) Real-Time PCR System. By taking advantage of the SmartChip Real-Time PCR system, WaferGen will offer universities, pharmaceutical and diagnostic companies a service that utilizes pathway-specific gene panels to discover and validate new biomarkers. View Source November 19, 2009 Provides Information Web-based tools, called 'Galaxy,' simplify genomic analysis With tremendous advances in DNA sequencing and the advent of microarray technology in the 1990s, biology embarked on a new age of discovery. Researchers suddenly had access to unprecedented amounts of data -- and faced unprecedented complexity in its analysis. View Source February 23, 2010 Provides Information What came first in the origin of life? A study contradicts the 'metabolism first' hypothesis A research published in Proceedings of National Academy of Sciences rejects the theory that the origin of life stems from a system of self-catalytic molecules capable of experiencing Darwinian evolution without the need of RNA or DNA and their replication. The research, which was carried out with the participation of Mauro Santos, researcher of the Department of Genetics and Microbiology at Universitat Autnnoma de Barcelona (Spain), has demonstrated that, through the analysis of what some researchers name "compound genomes", these chemical networks cannot be considered evolutionary units because they lose properties which are essential for evolution when they reach a critical size and greater level of complexity. View Source January 8, 2010 Provides Information Who owns your DNA? Book raises thorny issue Cells taken from Henrietta Lacks saved lives and made millions of dollars View Source February 12, 2010 Provides Information Why Certain Drug Combinations Backfire Combination drug therapy has become a staple for treating many infections. For instance, doctors treat extensively drug resistant forms of tuberculosis with one drug that breaks down the pathogen's protective barriers and opens the door for another to deliver the deathblow. View Source November 16, 2009 Provides Information With help of DNA, nanotubes may become a bigger force In his neatly ordered lab at DuPont, chemist Ming Zheng slides open a glass cabinet and removes a flask of soot that could have been swept from someone's fireplace. View Source August 4, 2009 Provides Information
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