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70 Health - Parkinson's Disease Resources
A pacemaker for your brain
By stimulating certain areas of the brain, scientists can alleviate the effects of disorders such as depression or Parkinson's disease. That's the good news. But because controlling that stimulation currently lacks precision, over-stimulation is a serious concern — losing some of its therapeutic benefits for the patient over time.
View SourceJune 28, 2010Provides Information
Antidepressants linked to cataract risk -- Parkinson's drug may cause corneal damage
This month's Ophthalmology, the journal of the American Academy of Ophthalmology, includes new studies on links between eye diseases and two widely-prescribed drugs: SSRI (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor) antidepressants, and amantadine, a Parkinson's disease treatment.
View SourceJune 1, 2010Provides Information
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Biologists find a way to lower tumor risk in stem cell therapies
One of the characteristics of embryonic stem cells is their ability to form unusual tumors called teratomas. These tumors, which contain a mixture of cells from a variety of tissues and organs of the body, are typically benign. But they present a major obstacle to the development of human embryonic stem cell therapies that seek to treat a variety of human ailments such as Parkinson's, diabetes, genetic blood disorders and spinal cord injuries.
View SourceJuly 8, 2010Provides Information
Brain ‘Pacemaker' Beneficial for Parkinson's
Deep Brain Stimulation Improves Movement Symptoms
View SourceApril 28, 2010Provides Information
Brain 'pacemaker': Smarter Parkinson's care?
The idea of an electronic device implanted in the brain tends to evoke spooky scenarios a la "Total Recall." But if a team of international scientists has its way, brain implants will one day be viewed as a viable and commonplace therapy for conditions like Parkinson's disease, depression, and even age-related loss of brain elasticity.
View SourceJuly 9, 2010Provides Information
Brain Scans Predict Who Benefits from Electrode Implants in Their Heads
fMRI helps scientists see interconnected brain networks and understand why happiness is a warm electrode
View SourceApril 7, 2010Provides Information
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Deep Brain Stimulation at Two Different Targets Produces Similar Motor Improvements in Parkinson's Disease
In a major study, investigators have compared how individuals with Parkinson's disease respond to deep brain stimulation (DBS) at two different sites in the brain. Contrary to current belief, patients who received DBS at either site in the brain experienced comparable benefits for the motor symptoms of Parkinson's.
View SourceJune 3, 2010Provides Information
Deep-brain stimulation makes difference in the lives of people with Parkinson disease
A surgical treatment that stimulates distressed neural networks through electrodes threaded directly into a person's brain has quietly made a difference in the lives of tens of thousands of people with Parkinson disease, essential tremor, and dystonia over the course of the past decade. But while it steadies patients' shaking limbs with surprising effect, its benefits on some patients' minds and personal lives have been more mixed. Some caregivers, in particular, find the newfound mobility of their long-disabled spouses difficult to adjust to. And what about the mind, anyway? Could DBS eventually help other brain diseases such as Alzheimer's?
View SourceMay 31, 2010Provides Information
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Early detection of Parkinson's disease by voice analysis
A new technique assisting in early diagnosis of Parkinson's disease has been developed by Prof. Shimon Sapir of the Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders at the University of Haifa. This technique involves analysis of voice and articulation. The research was carried out alongside U.S. scientists and with funding from the National Institutes of Health (NIH), and results have been published in the Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research.
View SourceApril 19, 2010Provides Information
Enrollment and dosing in NeuroDerm's Phase I clinical trial of ND0611 completed
NeuroDerm, Ltd. announced today the successful enrollment and dosing in its Phase I clinical trial of ND0611. ND0611, a proprietary drug formula administered via a dermal patch, is designed to maintain continuous therapeutic levodopa concentrations for improving the treatment of Parkinson's disease.
View SourceJune 1, 2010Provides Information
Every action has a beginning and an end (and it's all in you brain)
Rui Costa, Principal Investigator of the Champalimaud Neuroscience Programme at the Instituto Gulbenkian de Ciencia (Portugal), and Xin Jin, of the National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and Alcoholism, National Institutes of Health (USA), describe in the latest issue of the journal Nature, that the activity of certain neurons in the brain can signal the initiation and termination of behavioural sequences we learn anew. Furthermore, they found that this brain activity is essential for learning and executing novel action sequences, many times compromised in patients suffering from disorders such as Parkinson's or Huntington's.
View SourceJuly 21, 2010Provides Information
Expectations may affect placebo response in patients with Parkinson's disease
Individuals with Parkinson's disease were more likely to have a neurochemical response to a placebo medication if they were told they had higher odds of receiving an active drug, according to a report in the August issue of Archives of General Psychiatry.
View SourceAugust 2, 2010Provides Information
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FDA Evaluating Cancer Link in Parkinson's Drug
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration is evaluating clinical data that may suggest Novartis AG's Parkinson's disease treatment Stalevo is linked to an increased risk of prostate cancer.
View SourceApril 1, 2010Provides Information
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Gene mutations that express LRRK2 linked to increased risk of Parkinson's disease: Researchers
A significant number of Parkinson's disease patients have a mutation of the enzyme Leucine-Rich Repeat Protein Kinase 2 (LRRK2, also known as dardarin).
View SourceSeptember 2, 2010Provides Information
Genes and pesticide exposure interact to increase men's risk for Parkinson's disease
Genetic mutations and workplace exposure to some insecticides together appear to be associated with an increased risk for Parkinson's disease among men, according to a report in the June issue of Archives of Neurology, one of the JAMA/Archives journals.
View SourceJune 14, 2010Provides Information
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Insight into how mutations in LRRK2 gene may cause familial Parkinson's disease
Using new one-of-a-kind "mouse models" that promise to have a significant impact on future Parkinson's disease research, Mount Sinai School of Medicine researchers are among the first to discover how mutations in a gene called LRRK2 may cause inherited (or "familial") Parkinson's disease, the most common form of the disease. The study, published in The Journal of Neuroscience, is the first in vivo evidence that LRRK2 regulates dopamine transmission and controls motor performance, and that the mutation of LRRK2 eliminates the normal function of LRRK2, leading to Parkinson's disease.
View SourceApril 1, 2010Provides Information
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Key Enzyme Discovered to Be Master Regulator in Protein-Protein Reactions
Protein phosphorylation is a process by which proteins are flipped from one activation state to another. It is a crucial function for most living beings, since phosphorylation controls nearly every cellular process, including metabolism, gene transcription, cell-cycle progression, cytoskeletal rearrangement and cell movement.
View SourceMarch 29, 2010Provides Information
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Link Between Brain Activity and Parkinson's Disease Symptoms: New Strategy for Treating Movement Disorders Identified
Scientists at the Gladstone Institute of Neurological Disease (GIND) and Stanford University have shown how key circuits in the brain control movement. The research, published in the journal Nature, not only establishes the function of these circuits, but offers promise for treating movement related disorders, such as Parkinson's disease.
View SourceJuly 7, 2010Provides Information
Lizard venom offers hope for Parkinson's disease patients
The saliva of a venomous lizard native to southwestern America and Mexico could provide a cure for patients with Parkinson's disease.
View SourceAugust 26, 2010Provides Information
Long-Term Use of Parkinson's Drug May Impact Vision
Parkinson's disease, the second most common neurodegenerative disease after Alzheimer's, is often treated with amantadine. The drug helps alleviate patients' motor problems and may be taken for years. Doctors have long known that amantadine treatment causes abnormal changes in the cornea in some Parkinson's patients. The cornea is the eye's clear outer surface that provides most of the visual power. Usually corneal reactions occur soon after starting the drug and disappear a few weeks after it is withdrawn. But sometimes corneal disorders appear only after years of treatment, and the corneas of these patients often do not recover when amantadine is stopped.
View SourceJune 4, 2010Provides Information
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Medtronic's DBS Therapy for Epilepsy May Yet Get FDA Approval
An FDA advisory panel has voted 7 to 5 in favor of approval of Medtronic's deep brain stimulation (DBS) device, probably the Soletra, as a treatment option for medically refractory epilepsy in certain patients. The device, already approved for Parkinson's, was only days earlier reported to have failed an important study goal. Now it is seeing new life, and potential approval, due to a kink in the latest study.
View SourceMarch 15, 2010Provides Information
MJFF announces $1.1M for projects to develop biomarker candidates for PD
The Michael J. Fox Foundation for Parkinson's Research today announced nearly $1.1 million for projects aimed at advancing the development of leading biomarker candidates for Parkinson's disease. The discovery and validation of biomarkers is of critical importance to increasing the speed and efficiency of PD therapeutic development, allowing scientists and clinicians to more accurately identify appropriate subjects for clinical studies, measure disease progression and monitor treatment effects in clinical trials.
View SourceJuly 7, 2010Provides Information
Molecular mechanism triggering Parkinson's disease identified
Scientists at the Stanford University School of Medicine have identified a molecular pathway responsible for the death of key nerve cells whose loss causes Parkinson's disease. This discovery not only may explain how a genetic mutation linked to Parkinson's causes the cells' death, but could also open the door to new therapeutic approaches for the malady.
View SourceJuly 28, 2010Provides Information
"Mouse model" study finds LRRK2 gene mutation may cause inherited Parkinson's disease
Using new one-of-a-kind "mouse models" that promise to have a significant impact on future Parkinson's disease research, Mount Sinai School of Medicine researchers are among the first to discover how mutations in a gene called LRRK2 may cause inherited (or "familial") Parkinson's disease, the most common form of the disease. The study, published in The Journal of Neuroscience, is the first in vivo evidence that LRRK2 regulates dopamine transmission and controls motor performance, and that the mutation of LRRK2 eliminates the normal function of LRRK2, leading to Parkinson's disease.
View SourceApril 2, 2010Provides Information
Mutant gum disease bacteria provide clue to treatment for Alzheimer's
A defective, mutant strain of the bacterium that causes gum disease could provide a clue to potential treatments for Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and a number of other diseases. Researchers from the University of Florida College of Dentistry report their findings today at the 110th General Meeting of the American Society for Microbiology in San Diego.
View SourceMay 25, 2010Provides Information
Mutations that cause Parkinson's disease prevent cells from destroying defective mitochondria
Defects in the ubiquitin ligase Parkin are linked to early-onset cases of this neurodegenerative disorder. The wild-type protein promotes the removal of impaired mitochondria by a specialized version of the autophagy pathway called mitophagy, delivering mitochondria to the lysosomes for degradation. Mitochondria are often dysfunctional in Parkinson's disease, but how Parkin stimulates mitophagy and whether the pathway goes wrong during pathogenesis is unknown.
View SourceMay 10, 2010Provides Information
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Neupro improves wellbeing impaired by pain related to Restless Legs Syndrome
The first data to show that Neupro® (rotigotine transdermal system) significantly improved wellbeing and daily activities that are often impaired by pain related to Restless Legs Syndrome (RLS) were presented this week at the 14th International Congress of Parkinson's Disease and Movement Disorders in Buenos Aires, Argentina. Additional data from an open-label extension study showed that the efficacy of rotigotine remained stable over five years of follow up with over a third of patients remaining symptom free during that time and 96% categorized as "very much improved" or "much improved."
View SourceJune 18, 2010Provides Information
Neuroscientist steers research into neurological disorders
Scientists at the Queensland Brain Institute have uncovered a vital clue into how the brain is wired, which could eventually steer research into nervous system disorders such as Parkinson's disease and cognitive disorders including autism.
View SourceMarch 2, 2010Provides Information
New advances vastly expand versatility of optogenetics brain-research technique
Recently, brain researchers have gained a powerful new way to troubleshoot neural circuits associated with depression, Parkinson's disease and other conditions in small animals such as rats. They use an optogenetics technology, invented at Stanford University, that precisely turns select brain cells on or off with flashes of light. Although useful, the optogenetics tool set has been limited.
View SourceMarch 18, 2010Provides Information
New insight into Parkinson's disease
New research provides crucial insight into the pathogenic mechanisms of Parkinson's disease (PD), a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder.
View SourceApril 19, 2010Provides Information
New 'mouse models' give insight to gene mutation that is potential cause of Parkinson's disease
Using new one-of-a-kind "mouse models" that promise to have a significant impact on future Parkinson's disease research, Mount Sinai School of Medicine researchers are among the first to discover how mutations in a gene called LRRK2 may cause inherited (or "familial") Parkinson's disease, the most common form of the disease. The study, published in The Journal of Neuroscience, is the first in vivo evidence that LRRK2 regulates dopamine transmission and controls motor performance, and that the mutation of LRRK2 eliminates the normal function of LRRK2, leading to Parkinson's disease.
View SourceMarch 31, 2010Provides Information
New Parkinson's gene is linked to immune system
A hunt throughout the human genome for variants associated with common, late-onset Parkinson's disease has revealed a new genetic link that implicates the immune system and offers new targets for drug development.
View SourceAugust 27, 2010Provides Information
New pathway to Parkinson's and Alzheimer's diseases
Although their genetic underpinnings differ, Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease and Huntington's disease are all characterized by the untimely death of brain cells. What triggers cell death in the brain? According to a new study published by researchers at Sanford-Burnham Medical Research Institute (Sanford-Burnham) in the July 30 issue of Molecular Cell, the answer in some cases is the untimely transfer of a gaseous molecule (known as nitric oxide, or NO) from one protein to another.
View SourceJuly 29, 2010Provides Information
Nna proteins play role in catastrophic neuron death in mice, flies -- and perhaps people
A team of researchers, led by scientists at the University of California, San Diego, have identified a key player in the dramatic loss of neurons in mice and fly models, a discovery that could help illuminate the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in human neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease.
View SourceJune 24, 2010Provides Information
Novel Parkinson's treatment strategy involves cell transplantation
UCSF scientists have used a novel cell-based strategy to treat motor symptoms in rats with a disease designed to mimic Parkinson's disease.
View SourceMarch 25, 2010Provides Information
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Over-abundant protein prompts neurodegenerative cascade
In diverse neurodegenerative diseases ranging from Parkinson's to Alzheimer's, researchers have long noted accumulations of a little-understood neuronal protein called a-synuclein. Pathological and genetic evidence strongly suggested that excessive a-synuclein played a role in the evolution of these diseases, but it was unclear how too much a-synuclein culminated in synaptic damage and neurodegeneration.
View SourceJune 15, 2010Provides Information
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Parallel brainstem circuit discovery suggests new path in Parkinson's research
Chicago and Montreal researchers studying the lowly lamprey eel have identified an overlooked nervous system pathway running parallel to known brainstem locomotor command circuitry in vertebrates such as birds, fishes and mammals
View SourceMay 19, 2010Provides Information
Parkinson’s disease discoveries
Genes that affect the immune system and link it to Parkinson’s disease have been uncovered. This paves the way for new drug development in Parkinson’s disease – a serious, degenerative disease of the nerves that leads to tremors and muscle stiffness and eventually complete loss of movements. There is currently no cure for PD.
View SourceAugust 31, 2010Provides Information
Parkinson's Disease Foundation awards $1.2M for research programs
The Parkinson's Disease Foundation (PDF) is pleased to announce awards totaling $1.2 million for research projects designed to understand the cause(s) of and find a cure for Parkinson's disease (PD).
View SourceJuly 2, 2010Provides Information
Parkinson's disease makes it harder to figure out how other people feel
Scientists are beginning to find out why people with Parkinson's disease often feel socially awkward. Parkinson's patients find it harder to recognize expressions of emotion in other people's faces and voices, report two studies published by the American Psychological Association.
View SourceMarch 3, 2010Provides Information
Parkinson's disease treatments associated with compulsive behaviors
Pathological gambling, compulsive shopping, binge eating and other impulse control disorders appear to be more common among individuals taking dopamine agonist medications for Parkinson's disease, according to a report in the May issue of Archives of Neurology, one of the JAMA/Archives journals.
View SourceMay 10, 2010Provides Information
Parkinson's drug offers insight into helping cocaine users kick habit
Medication that increases levels of the brain chemical dopamine could open up new ways for helping some heavy users of cocaine and amphetamines kick the habit, researchers from Cambridge have found.
View SourceJune 7, 2010Provides Information
Parkinson's Patients More Likely to Stick With Certain 'Add-on' Drugs
Of the three main types of oral drugs commonly added to levodopa therapy for patients with advanced Parkinson’s disease, one might be the most effective, according to a new review.
View SourceJuly 9, 2010Provides Information
Parkinson's patients' 'risky behavior' explained
Scientists at UCL (University College London) have explained Parkinson's patients' risky behaviour, a rare side effect of standard treatments for the disease. The finding has implications for future medication of patients.
View SourceJune 23, 2010Provides Information
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Research reveals early steps in Parkinson's pathology
Although the cause of Parkinson's disease remains a mystery, scientists now have a better understanding of the earliest stages of abnormal aggregation of a key disease-associated protein.
View SourceApril 6, 2010Provides Information
Researchers identify a key player in dramatic loss of neurons in mice and fly models
A team of researchers, led by scientists at the University of California, San Diego, have identified a key player in the dramatic loss of neurons in mice and fly models, a discovery that could help illuminate the role of mitochondrial dysfunction in human neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson's disease.
View SourceJune 25, 2010Provides Information
Researchers unlocking learning strategies in Parkinson's patients
University of Michigan researchers are a step closer to understanding how medications affect learning in patients with early-stage Parkinson's disease.
View SourceMay 12, 2010Provides Information
Reversal of fortune for Parkinson's disease transplant treatment
Imperial College London researchers have overcome a major obstacle in the development of a transplant treatment which could relieve the symptoms of Parkinson's disease, according to new research published today. They hope this discovery will lead to a resurgence in clinical trials in this area.
View SourceJuly 2, 2010Provides Information
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Scientists successfully use human induced pluripotent stem cells to treat Parkinson's in rodents
Researchers at the Buck Institute for Age Research have successfully used human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) to treat rodents afflicted with Parkinson's Disease (PD). The research, which validates a scalable protocol that the same group had previously developed, can be used to manufacture the type of neurons needed to treat the disease and paves the way for the use of iPSC's in various biomedical applications.
View SourceAugust 16, 2010Provides Information
Sense of smell holds the key to diagnosis and treatment in early stage Parkinson's disease
A fast, simple and non invasive test of the ability to smell may be an important tool to screen people who are likely to develop Parkinson's disease (PD), in which motor symptoms only become evident at a later stage of the disease, a German scientist will tell the annual conference of the European Society of Human Genetics today.
View SourceJune 11, 2010Provides Information
Serotonin solves decades-old mystery in Parkinson's disease
Sudden, uncontrolled movements called dyskinesias—a common side effect of treatment for Parkinson’s disease— are a result of excess serotonin cells in transplanted tissue that trick the brain into releasing dopamine, suggests a new study of two Parkinson's disease patients that received fetal tissue transplants over a decade ago.
View SourceJune 30, 2010Provides Information
Singapore scientists develop zebrafish model for studying Parkinson's Disease
Scientists at the Genome Institute of Singapore (GIS), a biomedical research institute of the Agency for Science, Technology and Research (A*STAR), have recently developed a zebrafish model for Parkinson's disease that can be used for understanding the mechanism underlying its development. The knowledge gained will be helpful for future screening of new drugs to treat Parkinson's disease (PD).
View SourceApril 22, 2010Provides Information
Skin cells could help discover cause of Parkinson's disease
Researchers are applying new stem cell technology to use skin samples to grow the brain cells thought to be responsible for the onset of Parkinson's disease, the UK National Stem Cell Network (UKNSCN) annual science meeting will hear today.
View SourceJuly 14, 2010Provides Information
Specific protein may help neurons fix themselves in Parkinson's patients
A Michigan State University researcher is working to uncover how a protein known as parkin may help nerve cells fight off damage from Parkinson's disease, a strategy that could lead to new therapies for the degenerative ailment.
View SourceJuly 22, 2010Provides Information
Spinal cord stimulation may benefit Parkinson's patients
A new study from Rhode Island Hospital indicates that spinal cord stimulation may be able to modulate Parkinson's disease symptoms. The lead author will present the findings at the 2010 American Society for Stereotactical and Functional Neurosurgery (ASSFN) Biennial Meeting, June 14-16 in New York City.
View SourceJune 14, 2010Provides Information
St. Jude Medical's Brio DBS system for treating Parkinson’s disease receives Australian TGA approval
St. Jude Medical, Inc., a global medical device company, today announced regulatory and reimbursement approval from the Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) of its Brio™ deep brain stimulation (DBS) system for treating the symptoms of Parkinson’s disease.
View SourceMarch 23, 2010Provides Information
Stem cell method put to the test in Parkinson's study
The UK's first major investigation of a disease using stem cells that does not involve the need to create and destroy embryos is being launched.
View SourceJuly 13, 2010Provides Information
Study exposes cognitive effects of Parkinson's disease
Researchers at Queen's University have found that people with Parkinson's disease can perform automated tasks better than people without the disease, but have significant difficulty switching from easy to hard tasks. The findings are a step towards understanding the aspects of the illness that affect the brain's ability to function on a cognitive level.
View SourceSeptember 3, 2010Provides Information
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Tests help predict falls in Parkinson's disease
A group of tests may help predict which people with Parkinson's disease are more likely to fall, according to a study published in the June 23, 2010, online issue of Neurology, the medical journal of the American Academy of Neurology.
View SourceJune 23, 2010Provides Information
The Medical Minute: Parkinson's is a disabling disease among elderly
Parkinson's disease is a common neurological disorder in the elderly, and the number of affected people is expected to increase as the population ages over the next decades.
View SourceMarch 3, 2010Provides Information
Trial Studies New Way to Deliver Parkinson's Medication
Most medications for Parkinson's disease are taken orally, at certain times of the day. But doctors at UC Health University Hospital are participating in a clinical trial that significantly changes the Parkinson's drug-delivery model.
View SourceAugust 5, 2010Provides Information
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UCSF transgenic mouse mimics Parkinson's earliest symptoms
UCSF researchers have created the first transgenic mouse to display the earliest signs of Parkinson's disease using the genetic mutation that is known to accompany human forms of the disease.
View SourceMay 3, 2010Provides Information
Understanding the Alzheimer's-Parkinson's link
UCI researchers find the neurodegenerative combo of Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases accelerates dementia.
View SourceJune 14, 2010Provides Information
USF receives patent for technology to improve treatment for neurodegenerative diseases
The University of South Florida's Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair has been granted a patent for a cell transplantation procedure combining human umbilical cord blood (HUCB) cells and a sugar-alcohol compound called "mannitol" that may make a big difference in treating life-threatening neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, multiple sclerosis and stroke, among others.
View SourceJuly 8, 2010Provides Information
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Versatility of Optogenetics Brain-Research Technique Vastly Expanded
Recently, brain researchers have gained a powerful new way to troubleshoot neural circuits associated with depression, Parkinson's disease and other conditions in small animals such as rats. They use an optogenetics technology, invented at Stanford University, that precisely turns select brain cells on or off with flashes of light. Although useful, the optogenetics tool set has been limited.
View SourceMarch 25, 2010Provides Information
Violent Dreams May Presage Brain Disorders Decades Later
A rare sleep disorder in which people act out their dreams, sometimes with violent thrashes, kicks and screams, may be an early sign of brain disorders down the line, including Parkinson's disease and dementia, a new study suggests.
View SourceAugust 5, 2010Provides Information
Vitamin D May Lower Parkinson's Risk
Low Levels of Vitamin D Linked to Higher Risk of Parkinson’s Disease, Researchers Say
View SourceJuly 13, 2010Provides Information
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Why Parkinson's disease patients aren't walking tall
Many of the symptoms of Parkinson disease can be alleviated with drugs that target dompamine, a chemical in the brain that is involved in nerve cell communication and therefore known as a neurotransmitter.
View SourceJuly 12, 2010Provides Information
Wireless patients
A wireless monitoring system for people with debilitating conditions such as Parkinson's disease or chronic obstructive pulmonary disorder (COPD) could allow healthcare workers to assess a patient's health and the development of their disease without hindering their movements. Details of the system are reported in the International Journal of Biomedical Engineering and Technology.
View SourceMay 26, 2010Provides Information
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Years of smoking associated with lower Parkinson's risk, not number of cigarettes per day
Researchers have new insight into the relationship between Parkinson's disease and smoking. Several studies have shown that smokers have a lower risk of developing Parkinson's disease. A new study published in the March 10, 2010, online issue of Neurology, the medical journal of the American Academy of Neurology, shows that smoking for a greater number of years may reduce the risk of the disease, but smoking a larger number of cigarettes per day may not reduce the risk.
View SourceMarch 10, 2010Provides Information
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